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The monopoly of the State for the prosecution of criminal offences is called law enforcement. Law enforcement in advance is carried out by law enforcement agencies such as the public prosecutor’s Office and their investigation agents during the investigation. Finally the prosecution is assessed by courts that deliver a judgment.

These institutions have the monopoly to restrict fundamental rights of a suspected, without prejudice, as the basis of the presumption of innocence applies up to the final conviction. These are constitutional principles applicable by law. A persecution of individuals or of social groups by State bodies, which adheres to the rules, is regarded as a political or religious persecution. With the rule of law, there is obligation to perform the investigation justifiable shortly, to either set or lift charges.

These activities are exercised by the participants of criminal proceedings, such as prosecutor, investigator, the head of the investigative body, the head of the inquiry, the private prosecutor, the victim, his agent, his legal representative, the civil claimant and his representative. Continue reading “Law Enforcement Research Paper”

Cultural relativism is a thesis according to which, beliefs and mental activities of an individual are relative to the culture, which the individual in question belongs to. In its radical version, cultural relativism considers that cultural diversity requires that the activities and beliefs of an individual must be understood and analyzed from the point of view of its culture.

Although Franz Boas has never used the term himself, through him the American School of anthropology, was an ardent advocate of a strong form of cultural relativism at the very beginning of the 20th century, opposing proponents of universalism.

Cultural relativism is sometimes reduced to its component of moral relativism also known as ethical relativism, a thesis claiming that it is not possible to determine absolute or universal moral but that moral values are worth within cultural boundaries, where the moral code is the product of the customs and institutions traditional for the relevant human group.

Linguistic relativism is a form of cultural relativism, which considers that language influences our vision of the world and that, therefore, the mental representations of individuals speaking different languages differ also. This is the so-called Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Continue reading “Cultural Relativism Research Paper”

Finite element analysis (FEA) is a numerical method for solving differential equations with partial derivatives, as well as integral equations arising in applied physics. The analysis is widely used for solving problems in mechanics of deformable solid body, heat transfer, fluid dynamics, and electrodynamics.

The name of the analysis shows its essence. The area, in which you look for solution of differential equations, is divided into a finite number of subdomains (elements). In each of the elements, the view of the approximating function is selected randomly.

In the simplest case, this is a first degree polynomial. Out of its element, approximating the function is zero. Function values at the boundaries of the elements (nodes) are the solutions of the problem and are not known in advance. Approximating functions ratios are usually of equal values of functions on the borders between the elements (nodes). Then these coefficients are expressed through the function values in nodes of elements. A system of linear algebraic equations is formed. The number of equations is equal to the number of unknown values in nodes, where the original system is directly proportional to the number of elements and is limited only by the capabilities of the computer. Since each element is associated with a limited number of neighboring elements, the system of linear equations has a sparse look that makes its solution easier. Continue reading “Research Paper on Finite Element Analysis”

Education in the United States is mostly public. It is controlled and financed at three levels: Federal, State, and by local authorities. There is a system of public schools. The institutions of higher learning are mainly private, and therefore, they are trying to attract students from all over the world.

The literacy rate in the United States is 99% as of 2008. In 2011, 86% of those aged 25 years and older had secondary education, 30% had a Bachelor’s degree. The main language is English, in addition to Puerto Rico, where the official language is Spanish.

For historical reasons, education was not mentioned in the Constitution, which means that the States have to manage the matter. In the United States there is no strict federal standards for educational curricula.

The duration and the age for starting compulsory education vary from State to State. Children start learning from the age of 5 to 8 and graduate from 18 to 19 of age. Continue reading “Education in America Research Paper”

The GSM system has many security features that are designed to provide a subscriber and network operator a greater level of protection against fraudulent activity. Authentication mechanisms ensure that only bona fide subscribers, with good equipment that is not stolen or is non-standard, will be granted access to the network. As soon as the connection has been established, the data in the communication line is transmitted in an encrypted form to avoid eavesdropping. Confidentiality of each subscriber is protected, his identity and location are protected. This is achieved by assigning each user a Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI), which is changed from call to call. Thus, it is not necessary to transmit the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) via the radio interface, making it difficult to identify and locate the user by perpetrator.

The first and simplest level of protection against fraudulent use of your mobile phone is a personal identification number (PIN), which is designed to protect you against the fraudulent use of your stolen SIM cards. The PIN-code has the form of a four-to eight-digit numbers. The user may be able to disable this protection. Specifications also define the procedures to be followed when the PIN code is entered incorrectly. After three consecutive incorrect attempts to enter PIN-code, SIM card is blocked and further attempts to enter the PIN-code are ignored, even if the SIM card is removed from the maintenance entity. The SIM card can be unlocked by entering a code decimal code known as the PUK (Personal Unlock Key), which is also stored in the SIM card. After 10 wrong attempts of entering the PUK-code, SIM card will be blocked permanently. Continue reading “Research Paper on GSM Security and Encryption”

In today’s world, the educational institutions have been heavily dependent on information technology, without which they can no longer function effectively. Acquisition and maintenance of computer equipment and software constantly requires substantial financial investments and qualified professionals.

Economies of scale and other features inherent in cloud computing may cause a gradual departure from the provision of information services by educational institutions having the own resources and equipment. Increasingly, these services are provided to students and teachers via the Internet. Educational institutions receive them for free or for a small fee, and often these services are more accessible and reliable than their local equivalent.

This means that in the future the majority of educational services will be provided in the cloud, and the educational institutions do not have to have its own computer centers with expensive hardware, costs for electricity, salaries of staff and computing resources that are not always at full power. Continue reading “Research Paper on Cloud Computing in Education”

Self-confidence is an individual feature, the core of which is the positive assessment of the individual’s own skills and abilities, as sufficient for him to achieve significant goals and meet its needs. Self-confidence, as a basis for adequate behavior, should be distinguished from self-sufficiency.

The basis for the formation of self-confidence is a sufficient behavioural repertoire, the positive experience in solving social problems and success in achieving of the individual’s own objectives (needs). Positive subjective evaluation of the results of the individual’s own actions and evaluations, which are recognized by other individual, opinion of which is respected by the individual is more important to form self-confidence than an objective standard of success, social status, money, etc., by the individual himself. The positive assessment of the availability, quality, and efficiency of his own skills and abilities determine social courage in setting new goals and tasks, as well as the initiative which the person manifests at their implementation.

General self confidence is a positive assessment of your own skills and abilities and very similar within the meaning of the concept of the general self-efficacy by Albert Bandura. Continue reading “Self-Confidence Research Paper”

Alternative education is primarily changing attitudes to the student: the student becomes the center of educational process, unlike it is in the impersonal system of education in general. And here we encounter the first specific aspect of alternative education: the student must be so well developed intellectually, spiritually, socially, it should have a sharpened sense of mutual respect, responsibility, to coordinate his studies on his own, in short, to learn as an adult, not like a child: with full responsibility and awareness of the usefulness of what is happening. In other words, for alternative education, there should be alternative soil.

Let us take a look at some of the most famous types of alternative education.

Externship is the most widespread form of alternative education. External studies is an examination at educational institution (for example, at school), in which a subject is not studied. In other words, the student comes to school only to pass exams and get certified. The preparing to the exams is totally the student responsibility. Continue reading “Alternative Education Research Paper”