Category: Essays

Coping is a term used in psychology, which deals with problems of stress and the way someone copes with it. It concerns the handling of all types of continuous stressors, such as unemployment, divorce, pain or war. The English-language understanding is derived from the verb to cope with (can deal with or able to cope with something).

Different researchers use different definitions of the concept of “coping”. An important researcher in the field of coping and stress reduction was the American psychologist Richard Lazarus. He defined coping as “cognitive and behavioral efforts to reduce or tolerate internal and/or external demands and to overcome the conflicts between them”. The concept of “efforts” in this definition makes it clear that the manifestations of coping may be different, and that they do not always lead to the desired solution.

Coping is a combination of the intellectual and emotional responses to stress or a problem, and the behavior that therefrom. There are several strategies and mechanisms of coping. The mechanism that people apply can change depending on the circumstances and their coping strategy (also called copingstegy), associated with their personality.

When confronted with a problematic circumstances make people two reviews. The first is an assessment of the situation (the primary rating: “what’s going on?”), the second is an assessment of the best solution (the secondary rating: “what am I going to do with it?”).

How someone responds to a stressful situation is not or hardly determined by the nature of the problem, but much more by one’s coping strategy. Depending on one’s coping strategy, a person may choose from several ways (coping mechanisms) to deal with a problem. That coping strategy can change over time.

Coping strategies are classified in different ways. Much applied formats are coming to emotion-and problem-oriented coping, or coming to primary and secondary coping. Problem-focused coping from one format is fairly similar to primary coping from the other.

With problem-oriented coping one tries to solve the problem. At emotion-focused coping one tries to change the feelings that is causing the problem.

At primary coping, the person is trying to resolve a problematic situation. At secondary coping, one tries to adapt his or her behavior to the situation.

In a particular coping strategy use can be made of a variety of mechanisms.

A common format is:

• Active addressing: the problem is analyzed and resolved.
• Social support searching: find solace and understanding in others, along with another solution to the problem.
• Avoid: the problem is denied and avoided.
• Palliative reaction: one focuses on things other than the problem. In extreme form it can lead to addictions.
• Depressed response pattern: blame themselves, worry, self-doubt.
• Expression of emotions: the problem leads to frustration, tension and aggression.
• Comforting thoughts and wishful thinking: one is that the problem will automatically work out or that others have much heavier ones.

Some researchers see religion as a separate distinguishable coping mechanism. Others conceive it as a support for the aforementioned mechanisms.

The effectiveness of the coping mechanism depends on the context. In a stressful situation, any coping mechanism is the right one. “Actively addressing” and “social support” are generally understood as effective mechanism. But active addressing can lead to an increase in stress in a situation where the individual can actually bring no change. Mechanisms, as a depressed reaction pattern and expression of emotions are generally less adequate. These are mechanisms that occur in people with a more emotion-focused coping strategy.

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Neuroradiology is a medical discipline that includes in-depth knowledge and skills in the radiological diagnosis of diseases, injuries, and malformations in the central nervous system both in the head and the back. Specialist in neuroradiology also requires knowledge, skills and attitudes which are required to run radiology diagnostic.

There are several different techniques to study the functions and structures of the brain. The oldest method is the conventional x-ray imaging, which gives some information about the structure but no information about electroencephalography, developed in 1929 by Berger, measured through small electrodes the nerve impulses of neurons in the brain. The method of the “cognitive evoked potentials” is to measure electrical brain activity differences when the patient is subject to cognitive tests. Because the brain still has electrical activity even when it rests, there is background noise, which scrambles the signal, tests are repeated many times to allow the experimenter to make the average of the measured signals (and this generally on several subjects). The obtained average signal is called “evoked potential”. This method has the advantage of making measurements of reaction time for the brain to specific tests, which gives an idea of the complexity of the treatment and to differentiate between successive activities separated by a few milliseconds. On the other hand, this type of testing” does not detect signals from fairly deep brain areas, since they are too attenuated.

The magneto-encephalography measures magnetic fields due to the electrical activity of neurons, without direct contact with the head of the subject. These magnetic fields are much smaller than the Earth’s magnetic field and thus MEG requires a shielded room, to which the helium liquid cooling with a hundred of ultra-sensitive superconductive sensors are added, which involves a very large investment. This technique allows, in addition to the benefits of the EEG to measure signals of deep and full of effectively areas the results achieved by the fMRI.

Imaging by functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) indirectly measures the increase in blood flow (which follows the activation of neurons, but with a lag of a few seconds), using the property of hemoglobin deprived of oxygen (the Deoxyhemoglobin) to disrupt a magnetic field. The obtained signal called BOLD (Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent) provides access to a section of the brain. A heavy treatment is then to overlay different cuts (it takes approximately 40 cuts for whole brain), to correct any movements of the subject, and then to make a comparison with the brain standard indications. Responses to each stimulus are combined with sections of the brain to get a statistical color 3D card that evolves in time. The resulting image is more accurate than with the EEG and MEG, but the disadvantages are numerous: containment of the topic, noise important device, strong magnetic field, many repetitions of the experiment, heavy computer processing.

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is injected to the subject a radioactive marker (water or glucose) that will disintegrate into positrons (antiparticuls associated with electrons) and this especially as the area of the brain is irrigated in blood. Energy from the reaction of positrons with electrons is detected and analyzed to identify precisely the activated areas of the brain. This method is almost as good as fMRI while being more visual, but requires the manufacture of radioactive solution on-site and experiments limited to the authorized radioactive dose.

Among modern medical advances, those involving brain imaging are particularly important and spectacular. They allow us to observe the organization of our neurons and their exchanges of information with more details.

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Discovered
in the 1970s, biofeedback was first used in EEG (Electroencephalograph) with productions of alpha waves.

The inventors of modern relaxation techniques, Edmund Jacobson with his progressive relaxation, and Alfonso Caycedo with Sophrology, have used biofeedback to measure the effectiveness of their methods.

One of the ways to that is the use of EMG (electro-myogramme), which after a decade, came back into use along with the muscle tension control, in addition to the methods of traditional relaxations (autogenous training by Schultz, sophrology, and Edmund Jacobson’s progressive relaxation).

In the broad sense, the biofeedback or biological feedback is a set of techniques mainly relating to using bioelectricity for the measurement of organic functions, based on detecting and observing physiological signals of a conscious subject of these measures using electrical equipment.

Specifically, there is biofeedback when the subject in question can control the organic functions measured, either voluntarily (forexample, based on the results, and to correct a stress) or involuntarily (for example, after a change of psychological state, such as stress).

These techniques were initially very expensive (up to 3000 euros). But with the integration of electronic circuits, the arrival of microcomputers and (free) software, technology is simplified and prices fell significantly.

Biofeedback has found clinical application in psychology, Neurology, cardiology, Gastroenterology, urology, Pediatrics, geriatrics, rehabilitation medicine, and preventive medicine. Non-clinical application is in the effective stress management that allows to improve performance in the professional sport and art, as well as any activity that requires sustained efforts and great responsibility for correcting the so-called border states, caused by uncontrolled effect of chronic stress in pedagogy, where using biofeedback technology helps dealing with the issues of improving educational process, development of creative abilities, etc.

A modern biofeedback device consists of a single integrated circuit called instrumentation amplifier, which amplifies the versatile physiological signals, i.e., waves the brain waves, heart and muscles produces. Here we have tensions are of about 1/10 of millivolts, at frequencies from 0 to 3000 Hz. A link circuit (coupler) is used to return the signals to a computer sound card. All processing (filtering, visualization, etc.) is done with freeware programs, found now in abundance on the Internet and which allow to create versatile ‘all signals’ machines: EEG, ECG, EMG.

We know that the perception of pain is governed by ascending nerves (ranging from pain to the brain receptor) and descending nerves (going in the opposite direction). It is recognized that a subject can modulate his perception of pain by using strategies of distraction (counting, visualization, etc.) A team of Stanford University has managed to reduce the pain by allowing persons suffering from chronic ailments observing their brain activity using magnetic resonance imaging.

In this study, subjects were invited to observe the activity of the Cingulate cortex, an area that translates the signals of subjective pain.

Neurofeedback helps heal naturally many disorders and pathologies of everyday life such as tinnitus, migraines, insomnia, stress, anxiety, fears, phobias, hyperactivity, chronic pain, chronic fatigue, fibromyalgia, dependence and addiction, tics, tocs and much more.

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Memory
repression is one of the defense mechanisms known in psychology. It means a removal from the consciousness of thoughts, feelings, memories, impulses, fantasies, desires, etc. which evoke the painful connotations or otherwise threat the cohesion of the personality (for example, provoke questions about morality, give rise to feelings of guilt, etc.).

Repressed thoughts are are not available to consciousness. Tepression is not a one-time process and requires constant energy input.

Example: an employee does not allow to himself thoughts about the possibility of redundancies, which is said to be in his company. It feels like this is better (reducing the frustration), but the employee is completely unprepared when layoff occurs (reality distortion). Continue reading “Essay on Repressed and Recovered Memory”

With
science as a central component of the human activity, it is useful to divide it into two groups:

1. Sciences as a set of disciplines exploring nature. The main feature of the sciences is that phenomenal objects of nature are quite simple and stable, they are real and their properties do not depend on human will and action;
2. Humanities imply the study of the human community, its characteristics and activities.

Humanities are very complex in terms of methodology (many fundamental things may not be checked in practice and are not verifiable at all, as a subject of pseudoscientific and political speculation; humanities study not only phenomenal, but the noumenal things).

However, humanities and sciences do not oppose one another, because in the modern world, they are closely intertwined. It is at the intersection of several disciplines that the most important discovery is made.

It just so happened that the humanities and sciences not only cannot exist together, but are often considered as antipodes. According to the Web of Science database, humanities have a share of (by the most optimistic estimates) up to 8% of publications in the world scientific press. Anyway, their share was small, but in some countries there has been a marked shift towards chemistry and physics, to the detriment of such disciplines as clinical medicine (20.5% of world publications, 4.8% in post-soviet republics), therefore, we cannot talk about a significant emphasis on the humanities in any way.

The fact that non-scientific publications are less focused on humanities researches may be explained by their smaller share compering to the sciences.

However, even among scientists and scientific journalists range of opinions about what should or should there be publications on humanitarian discovery and researches, and if so, how, is very wide. Some of them simply do not realize what new and interesting can be discovered, for example, by modern philosophy, as philosophers and social scientists are becoming more and more like political consultants today. Others consider annoying eternal uncertainty: for example, an article in The New York Times Does Your Language Shape How You Think? that is full of examples of how language affects our perception. However, the approach is far from the depth of, say, Noam Chomsky’s work on universal grammar. The third approach the problem more pragmatically, considering humanitarian publications entertaining reading about psychology, history, archaeology, that is pure infotainment.

Popular science media often unwittingly use the term “science” meaning humanities as well. However, the humanitarian news is actually quite widely reported in scientific press. Simple research tools in sociology, psychology, economics and archaeology have also evolved so that neither journalists nor the readers no longer consider them as purely humanitarian, so it is not surprising to them reported among other scientific studies.

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In the warm waters of the world ocean, there are a large number of coral islets with their lagoons and atolls, as well as the dangerous rocks, which we call the reefs. They are built by micro-coral polyps and are considered their limestone skeletons. The reef area is very impressive, and it often forms a base for some Pacific island states.

In this regard, Great Barrier Reef is the most impressive construction. It is a ridge of coral islands and cays stretching for more than 2300 km off the coast of New Guinea to the eastern coast of the Australian continent in the Coral Sea. This construction is the largest in the world and stretches for a distance of 2500 km from the coast of the continent.

The southern part of the reef is 150 kilometers wide, and in its northern part, the reef is no more than 2 kilometers wide. Scientists assume that the Great Barrier Reef consists of more than 2500 small islets, shoals, and reefs. However, the exact number is not known to anybody anyway, because many of those are only visible during low tide and then after a couple of hours once again are hiding under marine waters. It is therefore considered that the total area of the Great Barrier Reef is 210 thousand square kilometers. Continue reading “Free Essay on Great Barrier Reef”

Some phenomena appear to escape human reason to the point that it seemed to assign them to magical forces. These include the ease with which the men are persuaded to change their design and their perception of reality and their behaviour, and also the readiness with which they adopt, as if under a hypnosis effect, opinions which, the day before, were completely unrelated and which were suggested by a group, the mass media or a character with power or prestige.

It is also surprising that, despite the enormous pressure that the company exercises to compel individuals to conform to the general model, minorities and deviants not only resist it, but even manage to create new ways to live, think and act, thereby forcing the majority to accept theirs.

These phenomena of influence, once the domain of speculation, are now studied scientifically in laboratory. This essay presents women and minorities in psychology. Continue reading “Essay on Women and Minorities in Psychology”

If ordinary human beings feel reassured by the “categorization” and membership in defined groups, children called Indigo are simply terrified to have another “label,” whatever that is. They were in turn called Indigo children, children of Oz, Crystal children, or children of the sixth Ray. They said to be the ‘new’ children, children of the ‘new land’, ‘New world’.

However, a child who is born with indigo colored energy field doesn’t need to be told that, it already knows!
All these children said to constitute the majority of the world’s population born since the beginning of the 1990s: they know who they are. Not that they don’t need anyone else around them, it is just they do not have the need to define socially the world that surrounds them. They know that the reality which surrounds us is not limited to what our five senses are able to perceive, but that we are part of a broader universe, invisible, which encompasses and affects every moment of our destiny. Continue reading “Essay on Indigo Children”

Gay Pride Parade, which was held for the first time in 1977, nowadays takes place in a different city each year. From 1979, was also organized in Belgium, but it has always been held in Brussels since 1996 and is called since 2010 The Belgian Pride.

Gay Pride is an annually organized Parade, which has besides meeting, also an ojective of homosexual emancipation, having demonstrative and political character. This is in contrast to the equally annual Amsterdam Gay Pride, which is originally mainly a party around the Canal Parade. Today, both events have both a political and a festive sides.

Gay Pride is in principle held annually on the last Saturday of June. On that day, in New York in 1969 riots broke out after police invided the Stonewall Inn gay bar in Christopher Street. The riots led to the organized struggle for the rights for gays and lesbians, which was reflected in the first Gay Pride Parade, which was held in New York on June 28, 1970. They organize such parades in other countries. Continue reading “Free Essay on Gay Pride”

Child rearing is a purposeful formation of personality to make it ready to be socially active according to cultural normative models. By definition, child rearing is a mechanism for preserving the historical memory of a population.

Child rearing aims education-expected changes in child, carried out by specially prepared and consistently carried out educational campaigns and actions.

The concept of rearing is inseparable from other educational and professionalization activities. It correlates with the values of such functions as ability (knowledge, skills), planning (organization, control), and so on. These crosscutting links between the achieved volumes of submissions makes it possible to correlate it with the level of civility in society.

When in the teaching process, these functions allows you to create methodical maintenance depending on specialty. Continue reading “Child Rearing Essay”